.. index::
   pair: storage; DRBD

Replicate Storage Using DRBD
----------------------------

Even if you're serving up static websites, having to manually synchronize
the contents of that website to all the machines in the cluster is not
ideal. For dynamic websites, such as a wiki, it's not even an option. Not
everyone care afford network-attached storage, but somehow the data needs
to be kept in sync.

Enter DRBD, which can be thought of as network-based RAID-1 [#]_.

Install the DRBD Packages
#########################

DRBD itself is included in the upstream kernel [#]_, but we do need some
utilities to use it effectively.

CentOS does not ship these utilities, so we need to enable a third-party
repository to get them. Supported packages for many OSes are available from
DRBD's maker `LINBIT <http://www.linbit.com/>`_, but here we'll use the free
`ELRepo <http://elrepo.org/>`_ repository.

On both nodes, import the ELRepo package signing key, and enable the
repository:

.. code-block:: none

    # rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org
    # rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm
    Retrieving http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm
    Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
    Updating / installing...
       1:elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo  ################################# [100%]

Now, we can install the DRBD kernel module and utilities:

.. code-block:: none

    # yum install -y kmod-drbd84 drbd84-utils

DRBD will not be able to run under the default SELinux security policies.
If you are familiar with SELinux, you can modify the policies in a more
fine-grained manner, but here we will simply exempt DRBD processes from SELinux
control:

.. code-block:: none

    # semanage permissive -a drbd_t

We will configure DRBD to use port 7789, so allow that port from each host to
the other:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family="ipv4" \
        source address="192.168.122.102" port port="7789" protocol="tcp" accept'
    success
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
    success

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-2 ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-rich-rule='rule family="ipv4" \
        source address="192.168.122.101" port port="7789" protocol="tcp" accept'
    success
    [root@pcmk-2 ~]# firewall-cmd --reload
    success

.. NOTE::

    In this example, we have only two nodes, and all network traffic is on the same LAN.
    In production, it is recommended to use a dedicated, isolated network for cluster-related traffic,
    so the firewall configuration would likely be different; one approach would be to
    add the dedicated network interfaces to the trusted zone.

Allocate a Disk Volume for DRBD
###############################

DRBD will need its own block device on each node. This can be
a physical disk partition or logical volume, of whatever size
you need for your data. For this document, we will use a 512MiB logical volume,
which is more than sufficient for a single HTML file and (later) GFS2 metadata.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# vgdisplay | grep -e Name -e Free
      VG Name               centos_pcmk-1
      Free  PE / Size       255 / 1020.00 MiB
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# lvcreate --name drbd-demo --size 512M centos_pcmk-1
     Logical volume "drbd-demo" created.
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# lvs
      LV        VG            Attr       LSize   Pool Origin Data%  Meta%  Move Log Cpy%Sync Convert
      drbd-demo centos_pcmk-1 -wi-a----- 512.00m
      root      centos_pcmk-1 -wi-ao----   3.00g
      swap      centos_pcmk-1 -wi-ao----   1.00g

Repeat for the second node, making sure to use the same size:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# ssh pcmk-2 -- lvcreate --name drbd-demo --size 512M centos_pcmk-2
     Logical volume "drbd-demo" created.

Configure DRBD
##############

There is no series of commands for building a DRBD configuration, so simply
run this on both nodes to use this sample configuration:

.. code-block:: none

    # cat <<END >/etc/drbd.d/wwwdata.res
    resource wwwdata {
     protocol C;
     meta-disk internal;
     device /dev/drbd1;
     syncer {
      verify-alg sha1;
     }
     net {
      allow-two-primaries;
     }
     on pcmk-1 {
      disk   /dev/centos_pcmk-1/drbd-demo;
      address  192.168.122.101:7789;
     }
     on pcmk-2 {
      disk   /dev/centos_pcmk-2/drbd-demo;
      address  192.168.122.102:7789;
     }
    }
    END

.. IMPORTANT::

    Edit the file to use the hostnames, IP addresses and logical volume paths
    of your nodes if they differ from the ones used in this guide.

.. NOTE::

    Detailed information on the directives used in this configuration (and
    other alternatives) is available in the
    `DRBD User's Guide <https://docs.linbit.com/docs/users-guide-8.4/#ch-configure>`_.
    The **allow-two-primaries** option would not normally be used in
    an active/passive cluster. We are adding it here for the convenience
    of changing to an active/active cluster later.

Initialize DRBD
###############

With the configuration in place, we can now get DRBD running.

These commands create the local metadata for the DRBD resource,
ensure the DRBD kernel module is loaded, and bring up the DRBD resource.
Run them on one node:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# drbdadm create-md wwwdata



















      --==  Thank you for participating in the global usage survey  ==--
    The server's response is:

    you are the 2147th user to install this version
    initializing activity log
    initializing bitmap (16 KB) to all zero
    Writing meta data...
    New drbd meta data block successfully created.
    success
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# modprobe drbd
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# drbdadm up wwwdata


















      --==  Thank you for participating in the global usage survey  ==--
    The server's response is:

We can confirm DRBD's status on this node:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# cat /proc/drbd
    version: 8.4.11-1 (api:1/proto:86-101)
    GIT-hash: 66145a308421e9c124ec391a7848ac20203bb03c build by mockbuild@, 2018-04-26 12:10:42

     1: cs:WFConnection ro:Secondary/Unknown ds:Inconsistent/DUnknown C r----s
        ns:0 nr:0 dw:0 dr:0 al:8 bm:0 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:f oos:524236

Because we have not yet initialized the data, this node's data
is marked as **Inconsistent**. Because we have not yet initialized
the second node, the local state is **WFConnection** (waiting for connection),
and the partner node's status is marked as **Unknown**.

Now, repeat the above commands on the second node, starting with creating
wwwdata.res. After giving it time to connect, when we check the status, it
shows:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-2 ~]# cat /proc/drbd
    version: 8.4.11-1 (api:1/proto:86-101)
    GIT-hash: 66145a308421e9c124ec391a7848ac20203bb03c build by mockbuild@, 2018-04-26 12:10:42

     1: cs:Connected ro:Secondary/Secondary ds:Inconsistent/Inconsistent C r-----
        ns:0 nr:0 dw:0 dr:0 al:8 bm:0 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:f oos:524236

You can see the state has changed to **Connected**, meaning the two DRBD nodes
are communicating properly, and both nodes are in **Secondary** role
with **Inconsistent** data.

To make the data consistent, we need to tell DRBD which node should be
considered to have the correct data. In this case, since we are creating
a new resource, both have garbage, so we'll just pick pcmk-1
and run this command on it:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# drbdadm primary --force wwwdata

.. NOTE::

    If you are using a different version of DRBD, the required syntax may be different.
    See the documentation for your version for how to perform these commands.

If we check the status immediately, we'll see something like this:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# cat /proc/drbd
    version: 8.4.11-1 (api:1/proto:86-101)
    GIT-hash: 66145a308421e9c124ec391a7848ac20203bb03c build by mockbuild@, 2018-04-26 12:10:42

     1: cs:SyncSource ro:Primary/Secondary ds:UpToDate/Inconsistent C r-----
        ns:43184 nr:0 dw:0 dr:45312 al:8 bm:0 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:f oos:481052
        [>...................] sync'ed:  8.6% (481052/524236)K
        finish: 0:01:51 speed: 4,316 (4,316) K/sec

We can see that this node has the **Primary** role, the partner node has
the **Secondary** role, this node's data is now considered **UpToDate**,
the partner node's data is still **Inconsistent**, and a progress bar
shows how far along the partner node is in synchronizing the data.

After a while, the sync should finish, and you'll see something like:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# cat /proc/drbd
    version: 8.4.11-1 (api:1/proto:86-101)
    GIT-hash: 66145a308421e9c124ec391a7848ac20203bb03c build by mockbuild@, 2018-04-26 12:10:42

     1: cs:Connected ro:Primary/Secondary ds:UpToDate/UpToDate C r-----
        ns:524236 nr:0 dw:0 dr:526364 al:8 bm:0 lo:0 pe:0 ua:0 ap:0 ep:1 wo:f oos:0

Both sets of data are now **UpToDate**, and we can proceed to creating
and populating a filesystem for our WebSite resource's documents.

Populate the DRBD Disk
######################

On the node with the primary role (pcmk-1 in this example),
create a filesystem on the DRBD device:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/drbd1
    meta-data=/dev/drbd1             isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=32765 blks
             =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
             =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
    data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=131059, imaxpct=25
             =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
    naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
    log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=855, version=2
             =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
    realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

.. NOTE::

    In this example, we create an xfs filesystem with no special options.
    In a production environment, you should choose a filesystem type and
    options that are suitable for your application.

Mount the newly created filesystem, populate it with our web document,
give it the same SELinux policy as the web document root,
then unmount it (the cluster will handle mounting and unmounting it later):

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# mount /dev/drbd1 /mnt
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# cat <<-END >/mnt/index.html
     <html>
      <body>My Test Site - DRBD</body>
     </html>
    END
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# chcon -R --reference=/var/www/html /mnt
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# umount /dev/drbd1

Configure the Cluster for the DRBD device
#########################################

One handy feature ``pcs`` has is the ability to queue up several changes
into a file and commit those changes all at once. To do this, start by
populating the file with the current raw XML config from the CIB.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs cluster cib drbd_cfg

Using pcs's ``-f`` option, make changes to the configuration saved
in the ``drbd_cfg`` file. These changes will not be seen by the cluster until
the ``drbd_cfg`` file is pushed into the live cluster's CIB later.

Here, we create a cluster resource for the DRBD device, and an additional *clone*
resource to allow the resource to run on both nodes at the same time.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f drbd_cfg resource create WebData ocf:linbit:drbd \
             drbd_resource=wwwdata op monitor interval=60s
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f drbd_cfg resource master WebDataClone WebData \
             master-max=1 master-node-max=1 clone-max=2 clone-node-max=1 \
             notify=true
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f drbd_cfg resource show
     ClusterIP	(ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):	Started pcmk-1
     WebSite	(ocf::heartbeat:apache):	Started pcmk-1
     Master/Slave Set: WebDataClone [WebData]
         Stopped: [ pcmk-1 pcmk-2 ]

.. NOTE::

    In Fedora 29 and CentOS 8.0, 'master' resources have been renamed to
    'promotable clone' resources and the `pcs` command has been changed
    accordingly:

    .. code-block:: none

        [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f drbd_cfg resource promotable WebData \
                 promoted-max=1 promoted-node-max=1 clone-max=2 clone-node-max=1 \
                 notify=true

    The new command does not allow to set a custom name for the resulting
    promotable resource. ``pcs`` automatically creates a name for the resource in
    the form of **<RESOURCE_NAME>-clone**, that is **WebData-clone** in this case.

    To avoid confusion whether the ``pcs resource show`` command displays resources'
    status or configuration, the command has been deprecated in Fedora 29 and
    CentOS 8.0. Two new commands have been introduced for displaying resources'
    status and configuration: ``pcs resource status`` and ``pcs resource config``,
    respectively.

After you are satisfied with all the changes, you can commit
them all at once by pushing the drbd_cfg file into the live CIB.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs cluster cib-push drbd_cfg --config
    CIB updated

Let's see what the cluster did with the new configuration:

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs status
    Cluster name: mycluster
    Stack: corosync
    Current DC: pcmk-2 (version 1.1.18-11.el7_5.3-2b07d5c5a9) - partition with quorum
    Last updated: Mon Sep 10 17:58:07 2018
    Last change: Mon Sep 10 17:57:53 2018 by root via cibadmin on pcmk-1

    2 nodes configured
    4 resources configured

    Online: [ pcmk-1 pcmk-2 ]

    Full list of resources:

     ClusterIP	(ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):	Started pcmk-1
     WebSite	(ocf::heartbeat:apache):	Started pcmk-1
     Master/Slave Set: WebDataClone [WebData]
         Masters: [ pcmk-1 ]
         Slaves: [ pcmk-2 ]

    Daemon Status:
      corosync: active/disabled
      pacemaker: active/disabled
      pcsd: active/enabled

We can see that **WebDataClone** (our DRBD device) is running as master (DRBD's
primary role) on **pcmk-1** and slave (DRBD's secondary role) on **pcmk-2**.

.. IMPORTANT::

    The resource agent should load the DRBD module when needed if it's not already
    loaded. If that does not happen, configure your operating system to load the
    module at boot time. For |CFS_DISTRO| |CFS_DISTRO_VER|, you would run this on both
    nodes:

    .. code-block:: none

        # echo drbd >/etc/modules-load.d/drbd.conf

Configure the Cluster for the Filesystem
########################################

Now that we have a working DRBD device, we need to mount its filesystem.

In addition to defining the filesystem, we also need to
tell the cluster where it can be located (only on the DRBD Primary)
and when it is allowed to start (after the Primary was promoted).

We are going to take a shortcut when creating the resource this time.
Instead of explicitly saying we want the **ocf:heartbeat:Filesystem** script, we
are only going to ask for **Filesystem**. We can do this because we know there is only
one resource script named **Filesystem** available to pacemaker, and that pcs is smart
enough to fill in the **ocf:heartbeat:** portion for us correctly in the configuration.
If there were multiple **Filesystem** scripts from different OCF providers, we would need
to specify the exact one we wanted.

Once again, we will queue our changes to a file and then push the
new configuration to the cluster as the final step.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs cluster cib fs_cfg
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f fs_cfg resource create WebFS Filesystem \
        device="/dev/drbd1" directory="/var/www/html" fstype="xfs"
    Assumed agent name 'ocf:heartbeat:Filesystem' (deduced from 'Filesystem')
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f fs_cfg constraint colocation add \
        WebFS with WebDataClone INFINITY with-rsc-role=Master
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f fs_cfg constraint order \
        promote WebDataClone then start WebFS
    Adding WebDataClone WebFS (kind: Mandatory) (Options: first-action=promote then-action=start)

We also need to tell the cluster that Apache needs to run on the same
machine as the filesystem and that it must be active before Apache can
start.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f fs_cfg constraint colocation add WebSite with WebFS INFINITY
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f fs_cfg constraint order WebFS then WebSite
    Adding WebFS WebSite (kind: Mandatory) (Options: first-action=start then-action=start)

Review the updated configuration.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f fs_cfg constraint
    Location Constraints:
      Resource: WebSite
        Enabled on: pcmk-1 (score:50)
    Ordering Constraints:
      start ClusterIP then start WebSite (kind:Mandatory)
      promote WebDataClone then start WebFS (kind:Mandatory)
      start WebFS then start WebSite (kind:Mandatory)
    Colocation Constraints:
      WebSite with ClusterIP (score:INFINITY)
      WebFS with WebDataClone (score:INFINITY) (with-rsc-role:Master)
      WebSite with WebFS (score:INFINITY)
    Ticket Constraints:
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs -f fs_cfg resource show
     ClusterIP	(ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):	Started pcmk-1
     WebSite	(ocf::heartbeat:apache):	Started pcmk-1
     Master/Slave Set: WebDataClone [WebData]
         Masters: [ pcmk-1 ]
         Slaves: [ pcmk-2 ]
     WebFS	(ocf::heartbeat:Filesystem):	Stopped

After reviewing the new configuration, upload it and watch the
cluster put it into effect.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs cluster cib-push fs_cfg --config
    CIB updated
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs status
    Cluster name: mycluster
    Stack: corosync
    Current DC: pcmk-2 (version 1.1.18-11.el7_5.3-2b07d5c5a9) - partition with quorum
    Last updated: Mon Sep 10 18:02:24 2018
    Last change: Mon Sep 10 18:02:14 2018 by root via cibadmin on pcmk-1

    2 nodes configured
    5 resources configured

    Online: [ pcmk-1 pcmk-2 ]

    Full list of resources:

     ClusterIP	(ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):	Started pcmk-1
     WebSite	(ocf::heartbeat:apache):	Started pcmk-1
     Master/Slave Set: WebDataClone [WebData]
         Masters: [ pcmk-1 ]
         Slaves: [ pcmk-2 ]
     WebFS	(ocf::heartbeat:Filesystem):	Started pcmk-1

    Daemon Status:
      corosync: active/disabled
      pacemaker: active/disabled
      pcsd: active/enabled

Test Cluster Failover
#####################

Previously, we used ``pcs cluster stop pcmk-1`` to stop all cluster
services on **pcmk-1**, failing over the cluster resources, but there is another
way to safely simulate node failure.

We can put the node into *standby mode*. Nodes in this state continue to
run corosync and pacemaker but are not allowed to run resources. Any resources
found active there will be moved elsewhere. This feature can be particularly
useful when performing system administration tasks such as updating packages
used by cluster resources.

Put the active node into standby mode, and observe the cluster move all
the resources to the other node. The node's status will change to indicate that
it can no longer host resources, and eventually all the resources will move.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs cluster standby pcmk-1
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs status
    Cluster name: mycluster
    Stack: corosync
    Current DC: pcmk-2 (version 1.1.18-11.el7_5.3-2b07d5c5a9) - partition with quorum
    Last updated: Mon Sep 10 18:04:22 2018
    Last change: Mon Sep 10 18:03:43 2018 by root via cibadmin on pcmk-1

    2 nodes configured
    5 resources configured

    Node pcmk-1: standby
    Online: [ pcmk-2 ]

    Full list of resources:

     ClusterIP	(ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):	Started pcmk-2
     WebSite	(ocf::heartbeat:apache):	Started pcmk-2
     Master/Slave Set: WebDataClone [WebData]
         Masters: [ pcmk-2 ]
         Stopped: [ pcmk-1 ]
     WebFS	(ocf::heartbeat:Filesystem):	Started pcmk-2

    Daemon Status:
      corosync: active/disabled
      pacemaker: active/disabled
      pcsd: active/enabled

Once we've done everything we needed to on pcmk-1 (in this case nothing,
we just wanted to see the resources move), we can allow the node to be a
full cluster member again.

.. code-block:: none

    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs cluster unstandby pcmk-1
    [root@pcmk-1 ~]# pcs status
    Cluster name: mycluster
    Stack: corosync
    Current DC: pcmk-2 (version 1.1.18-11.el7_5.3-2b07d5c5a9) - partition with quorum
    Last updated: Mon Sep 10 18:05:22 2018
    Last change: Mon Sep 10 18:05:21 2018 by root via cibadmin on pcmk-1

    2 nodes configured
    5 resources configured

    Online: [ pcmk-1 pcmk-2 ]

    Full list of resources:

     ClusterIP	(ocf::heartbeat:IPaddr2):	Started pcmk-2
     WebSite	(ocf::heartbeat:apache):	Started pcmk-2
     Master/Slave Set: WebDataClone [WebData]
         Masters: [ pcmk-2 ]
         Slaves: [ pcmk-1 ]
     WebFS	(ocf::heartbeat:Filesystem):	Started pcmk-2

    Daemon Status:
      corosync: active/disabled
      pacemaker: active/disabled
      pcsd: active/enabled

Notice that **pcmk-1** is back to the **Online** state, and that the cluster resources
stay where they are due to our resource stickiness settings configured earlier.

.. NOTE::

    Since Fedora 29 and CentOS 8.0, the commands for controlling standby mode are
    ``pcs node standby`` and ``pcs node unstandby``.

.. [#] See http://www.drbd.org for details.

.. [#] Since version 2.6.33
